The commercialization of microalgae-based products could be significantly advanced by integrating membrane-based technology into the cultivation and harvesting of microalgae biomass, particularly in the context of biofilm harvesting. Recent advancements in membrane fabrication and modification have led to improved separation efficiency, reduced membrane fouling, increased fluxes, and enhanced selectivity, which are crucial for optimizing biofilm harvesting systems. These developments contribute to a more cost-effective and efficient recovery of products derived from microalgal biofilms. Notable progress has been made in both the cultivation of microalgae and the modification of membranes. Techniques such as surface functionalization, grafting, and coating enable the development of tailored membranes that optimize the separation of biofilm-forming microalgae cells while minimizing fouling. A wide range of ceramic and polymeric membranes, available in various configurations, shapes, and sizes, allow for customization based on specific microalgae species, concentrations, and recovery objectives, making them particularly suited for biofilm harvesting. This customization offers benefits such as enhanced selectivity, robustness, and compatibility with biofilm-based microalgae systems, as discussed in this review. For large-scale membrane modification techniques, a comprehensive assessment that includes performance, costs, productivity, and integration is essential. Comparative evaluations against alternative methods provide insights into the economic advantages of membrane-based biofilm harvesting. Addressing challenges related to scalability, stability, and cost-effectiveness requires environmental assessments. Recent strides in membrane modification represent a potential breakthrough in microalgae biofilm operations, offering the promise of increased productivity and sustainability.
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